3501 AM

499 BC

First year of Jubilee 71/22

3507 AM

493 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 316 = 316 x 11.1 = 3507.6 years End first Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 71/22 - No sow, no reap

3510 AM

490 BC

Events elsewhere: Marathon. Greeks repel Persian invasion.

3514 AM

486 BC

METONIC CYCLE NO. 185 = 3514.9 years End second Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 71/22 - No sow, no reap

3515 AM

485 BC

SAROS CYCLE NO. 195 = 3515.7 years First year of reign of XERXES I in Egypt. Story of ESTHER opens in the third year of AHASUERUS (XERXES I) who "reigned from India even unto Ethopia", over 127 provinces (Esther 1.1-3).

3518 AM

482 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 317 = 317 x 11.1 = 3518.7 years

3519 AM

481 BC

Esther 2.16-17 - "And the king (Ahasuerus) loved Esther ... and made her queen".

3520 AM

480 BC

Event elsewhere: 480-479 BC - Greeks defeat second Persian invasion (Salamis, Plataea).

3521 AM

479 BC

End third Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 71/22 - No sow, no reap

3528 AM

472 BC

End fourth Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 71/22 - No sow, no reap

3529 AM

471 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 318 = 318 x 11.1 = 3529.8 years

3533 AM

467 BC

SAROS CYCLE NO. 196 = 3533.8 years METONIC CYCLE NO. 186 = 3533.9 years

3535 AM

465 BC

Enc. Britannica - "Small fragments survive of early poetic descriptions of eclipses, and the ninth paean of Pindar, addressed to the Thebans, takes an eclipse of the Sun as its theme, as follows: 'Beam of the Sun! O thou that seest from afar, what wilt thou be devising? O mother of mine eyes! O star supreme, reft from us in the daytime! Why hast thou perplexed the power of man and the way of wisdom, by rushing forth on a darksome track?' "Pindar then proceeds to speculate on the meaning of this omen. Although he prays, 'Change this worldwide portent into some painless blessing for Thebes," he adds, "I in no wise lament whate'er I shall suffer with the rest.' This strongly suggests that Pindar, who was a Theban, had himself recently witnessed a great eclipse at his hometown. The most probable date for the solar eclipse is 30 April 463 BC; modern calculations indicate that the eclipse was nearly total at Thebes." XERXES I of Egypt dies. ARTAXERXES I reigns his first year in Egypt. Enc. Britannica - "The date of the death of Xerxes may be accurately fixed by reference to eclipses. On a tablet that lists lunar eclipses at 18-year intervals occurs the following brief announcement between two eclipse records: Month V, day 14 [?], Xerxes was murdered by his son "Unfortunately, the cuneiform sign for the day of the month is damaged, and a viable reading could be anything from 14 to 18. The year is missing, but it can be deduced from the 18-year sequence as 465 BC. This identification is confirmed by calculating the dates of the two eclipses stated to have occurred in the same year that Xerxes died. The first of these happened when the Moon was in the constellation of Sagittarius, while the second took place on the 14th day of the 8th lunar month. For many years both before and after 465 BC, no such combination of eclipses can abe found; it occurs only in 465 BC itself. The dates deduced for the two eclipses are 5th June and November 30 of that year. Mention of an intercalary sixth month on the same tablet enables the date of death of Xerxes to be fixed as some time between 4th and 8th August in 465 BC." End fifth Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 71/22 - No sow, no reap.

3540 AM

460 BC

Sunspot cycle No. 319 = 319 x 11.1 = 3540.9 years

3541-2 AM

459-8 BC

Seventh year of ARTAXERXES I in Egypt. ARTAXERXES commissions EZRA and his "party" to enquire in Judea (Ezra 7.11-14). Work of reformation begins and continues through the following year.

3542 AM

458 BC

End sixth Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 71/22 - No sow, no reap

3543 AM

457 BC

Foreign wives are "put away" - Ezra chapter 9.

3549 AM

451 BC

End seventh Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 71/22 - No sow, no reap

3550 AM

450 BC

JUBILEE NO. 71/22 - No sow, no reap

In England, from 450 BC, hillforts surrounded by extra ramparts and ditches, entrances further fortified. Forts built on cliffs and promontories, often centres for sea-borne trade. About 450 BC, the historian Herodotus visited Egypt.

3551 AM

449 BC

SAROS CYCLE NO. 197 = 3351.8 years

3552 AM

448 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 320 = 320 x 11.1 = 3552 years METONIC CYCLE NO. 187 = 3552.9 years

3353 AM

447 BC

Sunspot Repeating Cycle and Magnetic Field Shift "1 bit" = 187 x 19 = 3553 years

3554 AM

446 BC

Twentieth year of ARTAXERXES. Decree to NEHEMIAH (Refer to the book of Nehemiah chapters 1-5) to "restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince" (Daniel 9.25).

3555 AM

445 BC

The book of the law of Moses is read by EZRA and NEHEMIAH for seven days before the congregation on "the first day of the seventh month" (seventh sacred month, i.e. first day of first civil month) - New Year's Day." (Nehemiah 8.1-2, 9), and the Feast of Tabernacles held, followed by a fast of humiliation and repentance.

3357 AM

443 BC

End first Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 72/23 - No sow, no reap

3560 AM

440 BC

The historian Herodotus visited the Great Pyramid of Giza. It was a white, gleaming structure with its limestone casing still intact. The blocks were so precisely cut that the joints were virtually invisible.

3563 AM

437 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 321 = 321 x 11.1 = 3563.1 years

3564 AM

436 BC

End Second Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 72/23 - No sow, no reap

3566 AM

434 BC

This is the last recorded date in the Old Testament of the Bible.

32nd year of ARTAXERXES King of Babylon - NEHEMIAH returns to the Persian Court in Babylon and again obtains permission to return to Jerusalem to reform the abuses which had sprung up in his absence. He abolishes the Sabbath trading,, and checks the habit of mixed marriages. Prophetic ministry of MALACHI (Nehemiah 13.6). Upon this occasion of Nehemiah's last return to the city of Jerusalem he gave the people a very solemn warning which all Israel should take to heart today, relating to the extreme importance of the observance of the Sabbath as an act of respect to God who ordained this day of rest. Nehemiah was angry with the people, and said: "I contended with the nobles of Judah, and said unto them, What evil thing is this that ye do, and profane the sabbath day? Did not your fathers thus, and did not our God bring all this evil upon us, and upon this city? YET YE BRING MORE WRATH UPON ISRAEL BY POFANING THE SABBATH" (Nehemiah 13.17-18).

3569 AM

431 BC

SAROS CYCLE NO. 198 = 3569.8 years

Enc. Britannica - "The historian Thucydides comments on the frequency of eclipses during the Peloponnesian War, which began in 431 BC and lasted for 27 years. the most interesting of these was a solar eclipse that occurred in the summer of the first year of the war (calculated date 3 August 431 BC) ... the Sun assumed the shape of a crescent and became full again, and during the eclipse some stars became visible" (a statement that agrees well with modern computations). See below for further notes from Enc. Britannica on the lunar eclipse in 413 BC.

3571 AM

429 BC

METONIC CYCLE NO. 188 = 3571.9 years End third Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 72/23 - No sow, no reap

3574 AM

426 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 322 = 322 x 11.1 = 3574.2 years

3576 AM

424 BC

JOIADA is High Priest of Judah

3578 AM

422 BC

End fourth Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 72/23 - No sow, no reap

3585 AM

415 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 323 = 323 x 11.1 = 3585.3 years End fifth sabbatic Week of Jubilee 72/23 - No sow, no reap

3587 AM

413 BC

SAROS CYCLE NO. 199 = 3587.9 years

Enc. Britannica - Another comment from the historian Thucydides on the frequency of eclipses during the Peloponnesian War: " ... a lunar eclipse that took place in the summer of the 19th year (of the Peloponnesian War) (calculated date 27 August 413 BC) ... the date selected by the Athenian commanders Nicias and Demosthenes for the departure of their armies from Syracuse. All preparations were ready, but the signal had not been given when the Moon was eclipsed. The Athenian soldiers and sailors clamoured against departure, and Nicias, in obedience to the soothsayers, resolved to remain thrice nine days. This delay enabled the Syracusans to capture or destroy the whole of the Athenian fleet and army."

3590 AM

410 BC

METONIC CYCLE NO. 189 = 3590.9 years ANTI-DILUVIAN CYCLE NO. 27

3592 AM

408 BC

End sixth Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 72/23 - No sow, no reap

3596 AM

404 BC

Sunspot cycle No. 324 = 324 x 11.1 = 3596.4 years

3599 AM

401 BC

End Seventh Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 72/23 - No sow, no reap

3600 AM

400 BC

JUBILEE NO. 72/23 - No sow, no reap

Enc. Britannica - An exlipse which "attracted the attention of students of astronomy and of the Roman calendar alike is stated by Cicero to have occurred in what may have been the 350th year from the founding of Rome. He also says that it was described by the poet Quintus Ennius: 'On the nones of June the Sun was covered by the Moon and night'. This happening would appear to have been the Total Solar Eclipse of 21 June, 400 BC, which reached a total or almost total phase at Rome a few minutes after sunset. Its recorded date seems to show that in that year the calendar month of June began 16 days later than it did after the Julian reform. This was one of the several eclipse date records that can be used to determine months in the Roman calendar natural year."

In England - from 400 BC, Parisi from Northern France move into Humberside area, chieftains are buried with chariots (Arras culture). Small separate forts begin to be built in Scotland.

3605 AM

395 BC

SAROS CYCLE NO. 200 = 3605.9 years

3607 AM

393 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 325 = 325 x 11.1 = 3607.5 years End first Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 73/24 - No sow, no reap

3609 AM

391 BC

METONIC CYCLE NO. 190 = 3609.9 years

3614 AM

386 BC

End second Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 73/24 - No sow, no reap

3618 AM

382 BC

Sunspot cycle No. 326 = 326 x 11.1 = 3618.6 years JOHANAN (or JONATHAN) High Priest of Judah

3621 AM

379 BC

End third Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 73/24 - No sow, no reap

3624 AM

376 BC

SAROS CYCLE NO. 201 = 3624.0 years

3628 AM

372 BC

METONIC CYCLE NO. 191 = 3628.9 years End fourth Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 73/24 - No sow, no reap

3629 AM

371 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 327 = 327 x 11.1 = 3629.7 years

3633 AM

367 BC

JOHANAN the High Priest murders his brother in the temple

3635 AM

365 BC

End fifth Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 73/24 - No sow, no reap

3640 AM

360 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 3287 = 328 x 11.1 = 3640.8 years

3642 AM

358 BC

SAROS CYCLE NO. 202 = 3642.0 years End sixth Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 73/24 - No sow, no reap

3647 AM

353 BC

METONIC CYCLE NO. 192 = 3647.9 years

3649 AM

351 BC

End seventh Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 73/24 - No sow, no reap

3650 AM

350 BC

JADDUA High Priest of Judah JUBILEE NO. 73/24 - No sow, no reap

3651 AM

349 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 329 = 329 x 11.1 = 3651.9 years

3657 AM

343 BC

End first Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 74/25 - No sow, no reap

3660 AM

340 BC

SAROS CYCLE NO. 203 = 3660.0 years

3663 AM

337 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 330 = 330 x 11.1 = 3663 years

3664 AM

336 BC

End second Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 74/25 - No sow, no reap

3666 AM

334 BC

METONIC CYCLE NO. 193 = 3666.9 years Alexander the Great begins conquest of the East

3668 AM

332 BC

The Fall of the Medo-Persian Empire and the rise of the Greek Empire. ALEXANDER besieges Tyre, demands submission of the Jews and marches on Jerusalem.

3669 AM

331 BC

Settlement of Jews at ALEXANDRIA

3670 AM

330 BC

ONIAS I, High Priest of Judah In England, 330-320 BC, Pytheas of Massilia (Marseilles) - a Greek sailor - circum-navigates Britain, and describes Cornish tin trade with the Mediterranean at Land's End and St. Michael's Mount or Plymouth.

3671 AM

329 BC

End third Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 74/25 - No sow, no reap

3674 AM

326 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 331 = 331 x 11.1 = 3674.1 years By 326 BC, Babylon had surrendered to Greece, and the Greek Empire is subsequently divided between Alexander's Generals.

3677 AM

323 BC

Alexander the Great dies (on 10th June). He was Lord of Egypt, the Persian Empire, and part of India. The Alexandrian series of Ptolomey's canon list of kings is confirmed by eclipses between 323 BC and 30 BC.

3678 AM

322 BC

SAROS CYCLE NO. 204 = 3678.0 years End fourth Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 74/25 - No sow, no reap

3680 AM

320 BC

PTOLEMY I SOTER takes Jerusalem. Jews are settled at Alexandria, Egypt and Cyrene.

3685 AM

315 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 332 = 332 x 11.1 = 3685.2 years METONIC CYCLE NO. 194 = 3685.9 years End fifth Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 74/25 - No sow, no reap

3686 AM

314 BC

ANTIGONUS ruler over Palestine

3688 AM

312 BC

SELEUCUS I NICATOR conquers Babylon - Seleucid Era begins. Babylon is ruled from Syria by the Greeks for nearly 200 years to come.

3690 AM

310 BC

Enc. Britannica - "August 15, 310 BC is the date of a Total Eclipse of the Sun that is said to have been seen at sea by Agathocles and his men after they had escaped from Syracuse and were on their way to Africa. Diuodorus, a historian of the first century BC, reports that, 'On the next day [after the escape] there occurred such an eclipse of the Sun that utter darkness set in and the stars were seen everywhere.' Modern computations of the eclipse track render it probable that Agathocles' ships passed along the north of Sicily during the course of the journey; the Sun would have only been partially obscured on the south side of the island."

3692 AM

308 BC

End sixth Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 74/25 - No sow, no reap

3696 AM

304 BC

Sunspot Cycle No. 333 = 333 x 11.1 = 3696.3 years SAROS CYCLE NO. 205 = 3696.6 years

3699 AM

301 BC

War of the successors (Diadochi) of Alexander brought to an issue by the Battle of IPSUS in PHRYGIA. Also, the death of ONIAS I. SIMON I, THE JUST, high priest. According to Jewish tradition, he was the greatest of the later line of priests, last survivor of the "Great Synagogue" of 120, who returned with Ezra from the Babylonian Captivity. The "New Synagogue" succeeded, whose office was to interpret the Old Testament Scriptures, whose canon had just been completed (?). End of seventh Sabbatic Week of Jubilee 74/25 - No sow, no reap

3700 AM

300 BC

JUBILEE NO. 74/25 - No sow, no reap In England, there is increasing influence of European Celtic peoples, through trading contacts or invasion, shown by introduction of art forms common in La Tene culture from Brittany and Normandy.

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